Teacher leadership mentoring Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Teacher leadership mentoring - Essay Example First and foremost, the best plan for Ms. Thomas is to show that she has authority and control of all the activities carried out in class. She must ensure that all activities conform to the expected conduct of students in the class and supervise all work done even though in groups. It has been observed that some students are often found wandering during learning period which should not be the case. Managing effectively in class has several advantages as this would reduce the burden that seems to be negatively affecting her performance. With regards to student engagement, the best plan is to focus on the role of the student and make it the center of the educational process while she as the teacher would act as a regulator or facilitator that guides the learners throughout the lesson. This can be done through encouraging pupils to participate in class through responding to questions raised or to place the students in groups where they are given tasks to do then asked to give feedback to others. It has been noted that there is less student activity where the teacher is talking throughout the whole lesson with little input from the learners who are supposed to be the beneficiaries of the knowledge they acquire from the teacher. When students work together to accomplish shared learning goals, there would be highly chances that they would master what they discuss in class which is a very good plan for Ms. Thomas to be able to entice the students to participate in class. It is very important for the students to work toge ther in order to share and exchange the ideas with others since they will feel that knowledge can be generated through feedback and communication with others which makes them become more realistic than teaching through the book and focus on homework only. Group work is recommendable since it inculcates a sense of interdependence where the students would discover that the

Leadership Theory Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Leadership Theory - Research Paper Example Through these people, members of the organization have clear direction on how tasks are to be done through the means and methods imposed by the former. Leadership is the most effective solution in every organization elsewhere. But for years, however, people are still puzzled on how a person becomes a leader (Lussier & Achua, 2009) They keep on thinking if such ability is innate in character or if it can evolve through time and experience. Whether there is a formula on how to become an effective leader, or a certain approach to be used by a person in a particular situation or organization, specifically to the one delegated as a Radiology Department Administrator. Radiology is a branch of science which caters to internal anatomy. Through the technology used in this field of medicine, physicians and medical students are able to visualize the internal make up of the body, leading to informed medical decisions. Radiologists are responsible for operating the machines used in radiology like the x-ray. Of course, in every department, there is a need to assign an administrator to oversee if the express and inherent functions of one department are being performed. In this case it is the radiology department administrator (Gunderman, 2006). The radiology department administrator is responsible for the general direction and supervision of the Radiology Department. That person should be a graduate of a medical school and is licensed to practice such field. The said administrator should be able to plan out strategies to preserve the efficient flow of service. Moreover, the administrator has been given the authority to screen prospective applicants of the said department. In this position, leadership skills are one of the most vital considerations. With that, it is important to know what leadership approach an administrator should use in order to efficiently perform his duties (Griffin and Snook, 2006). The paper shall delve into leadership theories in relation with the posit ion of radiology department administrator, and also to know the leadership theories which perfectly corresponds with the position. Leaders: Are They Born or Made? â€Å"He is a natural born leader† is an expression widely used by people who are delved to conclude that the leadership is an in born trait. It is correct to say that leadership is an innate characteristic, but it may also be developed and acquired through time (Northouse, 2009). A natural-born leader, so to speak, may be attributed to one’s in born skills and abilities like his level of intelligence or even his physical features (e.g. height). These qualities, which may be classified as above normal, tend to impress or intimidate people. With this, superiority over the normal person is created (Jago, 1982). From this perspective, five common factors should be considered in order to know whether the person has the innate capability of being a leader. The five common factors are as follows: 1) Surgency, which is characterized by one’s sociability and propensity to be dominant; 2) Agreeableness, which is shown through compassion and capacity to show empathy; 3) Dependability, which deals with the capacity for organization and credibility of a person; 4) Adjustment, which can be shown through stability and acceptance of oneself; and 5) Intellectance which

Conflict Between Mole National Park And Larabanga Community Politics Essay

Conflict Between Mole National Park And Larabanga Community Politics Essay Historically, conservation strategies have been dominated by exclusive management approaches, reserving places for nature, and to separate humans and other species. According to Adams and McShane (1996) the method for establishing parks has always involved the expensive operation of removing those people living on the newly protected land. In almost all cases, the result is a park surrounded by people who were excluded from the planning of the area, do not understand its purpose, receive little or no benefit sharing and hence do not support its existence. As a result, local communities develop a lasting distrust of park authorities, in part because of the glaring lack of attention those authorities, supported by conservationists, have traditionally paid to the link between park ecology, the survival of wildlife and the livelihood of the displaced people. In the longer term the effect of the de-linkage of park wildlife from village livelihoods, encouraged by the preservationist views of nature on which the national park as an institution is founded, is to make local people hostile to wildlife conservation (Knight, 2000). In Ghana, the Mole National Park and one of its surrounding communities, Larabanga, have for a long time being involved in a series of conflicts that have negatively affected the peaceful co-existence of man and nature. This paper explores the causes of the conflict and the values, interests and positions of the key stakeholders involved in the conflict. An analysis of the conflict using the social conflict theory and various techniques in conflict management is also employed. The authors also present a new view of the conflict and present alternative dispute resolution methods that are applicable in resolving the conflict. Inclusive governance as a key participatory process is also discussed in the paper. Key words: Environmental Conflict, Alternative Dispute Resolution, Inclusive Governance, Protected Area, Stakeholders Introduction National parks and other wildlife reserves are a major source wildlife conservation conflicts in most parts of the world. In Ghana, wildlife conservation conflicts are prevailing in the north of the country between the park authorities of the Mole National Park (NP) and the park-adjacent communities especially Larabanga (Marseille, 2004). Mole NP is a typical example of coercive conservation or exclusive management, during its creation a policy of externally enforced exclusion was pursued and no serious attempts were made to involve the local communities in the management of the park (Marseille, 2004). The control of Mole NP is vested in central government by means of the Ghanaian Wildlife Division [WD]. Throughout the years the WD and the communities have been engaging in a poor relationship which created a breeding chamber for different conflict situations (Marfo, 2003). Marfo (2003) however states that recently there has been a shift from the traditional preservation approach in p rotected area management to the more flexible concept of conservation through sustainable use. Despite a range of protected area [PA] outreach strategies targeted at improving the relationship with the local communities and reducing the conflicts tension still exists. The lack of communication and the tension between local people and park staff is a common theme from different parks (Newmark et al 1993 in Bergin 2001). The WD holds the view that local communities have done little to change their negative perceptions about the activities of the Park. Particularly the communities surrounding the Mole NP are notorious in violating park boundaries and regulations. Among the local communities both suspicion and mistrust for wildlife staff and bitterness over the process by which the Park was created is prevailing. Hulme and Infield (2001) found that the community attitudes towards protected areas is influenced by the nature of community use of park resources, the physical proximity to the park, influencing both problems caused by wild animals and negative interactions with game officials, and the history of both positive and negative interactions with park staff. Problem statement Though the Mole NP authorities have made efforts to reduce local conflicts there appears to have been little concerted effort to apply the principles of conflict management to protected area-people relationships (Hough, 1988). It is almost universally evident that the question of power and how it plays itself in specific conflict setting is an important dimension to the conflict management problem. The crucial role of power in natural resource conflict management has driven the debate in search for its dynamics and how to deal with it in policy and practice. Conflict is a complex phenomenon, with the possibility of involving several actors. However, at a superficial level there are only two actors involved in wildlife conservation conflict, namely the local national park administration and the local communities (Hough, 1988). Within natural resource management one major reoccurring issue relates to the question of how to control and manage natural resources on an official level while simultaneously taking into account the needs of the local population (Caspary, 1999). The emerging challenge is to encourage a scientific and policy rethinking of wildlife conservation conflict management intervention processes, guiding wildlife conservation conflict towards constructive rather than destructive results favors both the communities living on the fringes of the Mole NP as well as the park management. 1.3 Aim of the study The aim of the study is formulated as follows: To explore conflict management strategies in wildlife conservation conflict using Mole National Park and the Larabanga Community in Ghana as a case with a view to making appropriate recommendations for wildlife conservation conflict management Objectives In order to achieve this aim, the following specific objectives are formulated: To identify the background and basics of the conflict To explore the positions, interests and values of the key actors and the strategic action exercised during the conflict To examine the linkages of the conflict to the foundations and theories of conflict and conflict management By identify conflict management approaches that are currently being used to address the conflict To propose alternative conflict management and participatory approaches that could be used Research questions What is the basis of the conflict? Why? Which actors are involved in the conflict? Why? What conflict management approaches are being used or could be used Which concept(s) of inclusive governance, which theories of democracy, is Is the governance process participatory and which theory of democracy is it built on? The analysis of this case study will focus clearly on conflict management techniques and interventionist strategies. A third party intervention strategy will focus on understanding the strategies different actors use to empower themselves during conflict and providing alternative ways of resolving the conflict towards a constructive end. Mole National Park The Ghanaian Wildlife Division is responsible for 15 integrated protected areas covering a total area of 13,489 sq. km under which Mole National Park, see map of Mole NP in figure 1. Mole NP is one of the six national parks in Ghana and one of the three established in the interior savannah. Fig. 1: Map of Ghana showing Mole NP and LarabangaThe IUCN defines a National Park as a protected area managed mainly for ecosystem protection and recreation. Mole NP is a category II park by IUCN classification of protected areas (IUCN, 2010). A National Park is a national asset and as such remains under the jurisdiction of a central authority personified by the WD (Symonds and Hurst, 1998). The Mole NP Protected Area in Ghana and it is considered to be the most prestigious in terms of its attraction to visitors facilities for visitors (IUCN, 2010). The protected areas system in Ghana is designed to conserve key representative areas of Ghanas varied wildlife habitat (Symonds and Hurst, 1998). ontextMole National Park (4840 km2) is found in the western half of the Northern Region in the Guinea grassland zone (see figure 1). Mole is named after the river Mole which runs through the conserved area. In the 1930s about 2330 km of Mole was initially designated a Game clearance area for purposes of tsetse control. The policy of game clearance was abandoned and in 1958 an area of 1,916 sq. km. was officially constituted as the Mole Game Reserve and placed under the Forestry Department (FC, 2010) In 1971, the reserve was almost doubled in size (4912 km) and gazetted a National park under legislative instrument 710 of the wildlife reserves regulations. In 1992, with the removal of another village in the North west the park (Gbantariga), Mole NP was subsequently extended to the present 4840 km (Marseille, 2004). The park is very popular with tourists visiting northern Ghana, 93 mammals, 33 reptiles, 9 amphibians and 304 bird species have been recorded at Mole. The dominant faunal species are elephant (Loxodonta africana cyclotis), buffalo (Syncerus caffer), waterbuck (Kobus defassa), roan antelope (Hippotragus equnus), kob antelope (Kobus kob), bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus), warthog (Phacochoerus aethipicus), green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops), patas monkey (Erythrocebus patas) and olive baboon (Papio anubis) (FC, 2010). Larabanga community Approximately 4 kilometres from the entrance gate of Mole NP lies the village of Larabanga, or Home of the Arabs as its name signifies. The Larabanga community is a 100% Muslim which has being in existence since the 15th century and originally a hunting tribe (Marseille, 2004). Larabanga is poor rural community whose main source of livelihood is farming closely followed in importance by hunting and fishing. Basic social amenities and infrastructure are critically lacking in the community (UNDP, 2007). Larabanga has a population size of about 3800 people, most community members are engaged in farming subsistence crops such as yam, maize, guinea corn and cassava (UNDP, 2007). The farm lands surround the village in all directions and are communally owned with most farmers practicing shifting cultivation. The ancient mosque of Larabanga is of Sudanese architectural style and is recognized officially as a World Heritage Site. A few retailers in the village also generate some profit by selling provisions to visiting tourists. In Larabanga 99% of the community is illiterate, the same situation counts for all other fringed communities (Marseille, 2004). Causes of the Conflict Knight (2002) describes human-wildlife conflict as relations of rivalry or antagonism between human beings and wild animals which typically arise from territorial proximity and involve reliance on the same resources or a threat to human well-being or safety. It is proposed there are two dimensions of human-wildlife conflicts: political and social. Political An increasingly important factor in the political determination of wildlife conservation conflict is the role of the established political actor, the state. Many wildlife conservation conflicts are informed by people-state conflict. When wild animals become the object of official protection measures whether in the name of game management or wildlife conservation, local victims of wildlife damage may well attribute blame to and seek political redress from, state authorities (Knight, 2000). In this case study wildlife conservation conflict is defined as follows: a situation where an actor experiences the action of other actors in the use and management of wildlife resources as an impairment to their interest in those wildlife resources The state through the Wildlife Department (WD) has adopted a preservationist approach in managing the Mole NP (Jachmann, 2008). This has resulted in the alienation of local communities and has excluded opportunities for participatory rural development activities and the sustainable use of the reserves resources, thus generating antagonism resulting in conflicts between local communities and wildlife/forestry officers (Marseille, 2008). One of the key obstacles to establishing key processes for the effective management of national park-people conflict identified by Hough (1988) is the large difference in power between government-backed parks and local people in rural areas. Central government has the weight of the legal and enforcement mechanisms of the nation state. The key infraction during the creation of the park was the compulsory acquisition of land without due compensation being paid to the evicted communities. The state has also being accused of using its power to expand the park several times without the consent of the local communities (Bosu, 2010). The local communities however are relatively powerless, the villagers try to get something back by poaching park animals or by collecting inside the park and thereby restore some degree of balance in the village-park relationship. According to Hough (1988) this difference in power is the root cause of the conflict in that the desires of central government were initially forced on the relatively powerless resident populations. Social The conflict is manifested through three major social conflict bases; issues of illegal hunting, crop damage and land access into Mole NP (Marseille, 2004). Source: Marseille, 2004 Illegal hunting Illegal hunting can be defined as the unauthorised harvesting of any wildlife species for either subsistence or commercial purposes (FC, 1994). Regulation 2 of the wildlife reserves regulations of 1971 (L.I. 710) prohibit any person at any time to hunt, capture or destroy any animal or collect or destroy any plant within the reserve (FC, 2010). Group hunting, a group of two or more individuals hunting together, is with or without a license prohibited. Nearly all hunters surrounding the park however do not carry valid licenses and hunt mainly inside the park (Marseille, 2010).Once hunters and patrolling scouts clash with each other conflict is initiated, this practically means that causing arrest is similar to causing conflict Crop damage Crop damage occurs when animals cross the boundaries and move into the farm fields to feed on the cultivated crops like maize, millet, cassava, yam, guinea corn and ground nuts. The most troublesome animals are elephants, baboons, green monkeys and red monkeys. The WD is seriously concerned about crop damage and problem animals but does not have financial resources available to grant compensation for lost crops (Wildlife Division, 2001). The current legislation does not provide sufficient incentive for farmers to care and protect wildlife on their properties. The result is that wildlife for most farmers is considered a pest that in many cases is directly competing with their agricultural activities (Wildlife Division, 2001). The farmers feel the WD should take responsibility of their animals to reduce the amount of damage. The WD has the opinion that the farmers are exaggerating the actual amount and frequency of damage, farmers are using crop damage only to create resentment (Wildlife Division, 2001). Resource access The wildlife reserves regulations of 1971 (L.I. 710) states that no person at any time can enter a reserve except with the consent of the Senior Wildlife Officer. It is thus illegal to enter Mole NP without official permission. The denial of land access is the third identified social conflict base, meaning that the villagers are not allowed to enter the reserves, also for purposes other than hunting such as fetching water, collecting fire wood and NTFPs as well as visiting sacred groves (Marseille, 2004). The sacred stream case for example is a conflict relating to the issue of land access. Villagers are not permitted access to the stream creating disagreement which is primarily values and interest-based. The villagers value the stream based on its traditional and spiritual importance whereas the WD values the stream for its biological and ecological features. The villagers also have a different interest in the stream, they would like to use the stream for both swimming and fishing purposes as well as the fetching of water. The interest of the WD in the stream is linked to conservation purposes (Marseille, 2004). Also, more indirectly the conflict is history-based, culture-based due to the way the park was created and the influence of government institutions. The situational circumstances that surround the initial conflict setting determine the actual conflict base. The identified conflict bases are the surfacing fundamentals of the wildlife conservation conflict in general, however, these conflict bases have by no means static characteristics. As the conflict evolves the initial conflict base might develop into another conflict base. Conflict bases are also interrelated with each other. Ghana ´s Wildlife laws Ghana ´s wildlife policy states that although the Government cannot be liable for damage caused by wildlife, it will take reasonable measures to protect people, crops and property against wild animal damage. The 11th and 12th item of the Policy states that the conservation of wildlife within Parks and Reserves will over-ride all other interests in them (FC, 2010). No use of Parks and Reserves that will conflict materially with wildlife conservation will be allowed. It presents specific principles on rights of local access to basic natural resources, local democracy, participatory management and protection of forest and wildlife resources (Kotey et al, 1999). The policy entrenches a biocentric approach to wildlife conservation which is reflected in exclusive management and thus denies human access to resources because degradation of biodiversity has been verified (Caspary, 1999) Stakeholder analysis The stakeholders, generally referring to all the people who affect and/or are affected in the conflict situation, are hereby classified into these three broad groups namely; government, local community and third party. By analyzing using the conflict onion, the positions, interests, needs and fears/hopes of these stakeholder groups were identified and presented in the table 1 below. Table 1: Stakeholder classification using the conflict onion Elements of conflict Stakeholder Government Local Community Third party Position In favour of the national park Against the national park In favour of the national park Interest Biodiversity conservation Exertion of authority Access to resource Protection of heritage Resource conservation Social justice need Income (tourism) International convention Subsistence Employment Cultural values Sustainable resource management Political success Fear/hope Biodiversity loss Loss of land and cultural heritage funding The government being in favour of the creation and maintenance of the national park could be considered as the proponent in contrast with the local community as opponents in this conflict situation. The third party could be regarded as social based group which is also in favour of the national park in terms of position in the conflict. There are varying interests from the stakeholder groups with only resource conservation overlapping between the government and the third party as opposed to resource access by community. However, while the governments interest is to show that it holds the final authority over all forest and natural resources, the local community is also interested in preserving the heritage their ancestors had handed over to them from generation to generation and the third party is also interested in social justice for the local community. Power structure of stakeholders The government represents all agencies in favour of the national park comprising the Ministry of Land and Natural Resources (MLNR), Forestry Commission (FC), Wildlife Division (WD). These are state agencies are mandated by law to manage the forest and wildlife resources for the common good of all Ghanaians. With the decentralized system of governance, the Ministry of Local Government (MLG) and the District Assembly (DA) form an allied group that supports the government in its decision. Though the MLG and the DA have the mandate to see to the sustainable development of the district, with respect to forest and wildlife resources the MLNR and the FC wield more power in this conflict situation. Hence, the DA is seen to be indifferent in this situation. The local community comprises farmers, hunters, youth group, women group and community-based organizations. These are mostly individuals and informal community associations which are easily alienated from any formal decision making processes. The third party in this conflict case is the Netherlands Development Cooperation (SNV) and other local and international non-governmental organizations such as Plan Ghana. These are considered to be social based group which operate as watch dog to ensure social justice. They serve as intermediary between the government and the local community. The power relation is depicted in the figure 1 below. Figure 3: Relationship between key stakeholders in the conflict Conflict Theory The power relation between the stakeholders is asymmetrical and could be analysed with the social conflict theory. This theory argues that in any conflict situation where power is unevenly distributed, the stakeholder group with more power exploits those with less power (Bartos and Wehr, 2002). This is the case where the government by executive instrument forcefully evicted the inhabitants during the creation of the national park without adequate compensation and resettlement plan. Type of conflict The conflict is basically over the forest and wildlife resource. The land and the wildlife resources served as the source of livelihood to the local community. The denial of access and use right to the park signifies the removal of the local communitys source of livelihood and threat to their lives. The use of arms to guard the borders of the park and ward off entry by local community members has resulted in the conflict taking on a relational dimension. Hatred and unfriendly relation between local community and staff of the park is a key factor in the conflict. Moreover, the conflict encompasses different form and nature of incompatibility. These interconnected elements culminate in the complexity of the conflict. The different bases of incompatibility (Wehr, 1979 in Walker and Daniels, 1997)), see table 2, are all to a varying degree included within the different conflict bases. Table 2: examples of incompatibility in the conflict Nature of incompatibility: Example: Fact-based The actual amount of crop damage reported by farmers Value-based The elephant :a farm pest or a valuable species Interest-based The presence of fertile arable land within the park Person-based Suspicion and mistrust among villagers about the wildlife staff History-based The way the park was created; exclusive management Culture-based Traditional linkages with sacred places within the park It could be seen that this case of a resource conflict is multifaceted and all these elements presented in table 2 above must be addressed and an acceptable agreement achieved through a participatory decision making process. The conflict phases Using the conflict escalation model, the conflict has been a long standing one with multiple phases. The resource area was first created as a wildlife reserve in 1958 and later re-designated at a national park in 1971 (FC, 2010). The period between 1958 and 1971 could be considered as the pre-conflict phase because during this period the local community started to sense the threats to its very existence. Though during this period the local community members could have access into the reserve and some communities were actually sited in the reserve, they were not allowed to engage in any commercial activity from the resources they have customary rights over (Marseille, 2010). However in 1971 when the reserve was re-designated as a national park, all the local communities within the area were forcefully evicted by the use of state security apparatus and that led to the first eruption of conflict (Marseille, 2004 ). Prior notices had been given to the local communities to evacuate from the area where they lived to outside the borders of the national park without any resettlement plan by the government for the local communities. Hence, the community readied itself to engage in open confrontation and the government knowing this also deployed the military to maintain order. The violence continued because the local communities were not ready to give up the historical heritage but with the heavy presence of military forces the violence finally calmed down (Marseille, 2004). After the eruption of the first conflict, no efforts were made to address the concerns of the local communities but between 1971 and 1992 the conflict became latent largely due to the military political regime. However, from 1992 when Ghana became a multi-party democratic state the local communities started to mobilize themselves for an action to attract attention to their plight. In 2004, an invasion of local community farmlands by wild animals, particularly elephants, triggered a massive community protest with attack on the national park through killing of animals and bushfires (Marseille, 2004). This represents the second eruption of conflict and being a democratic society, a peaceful solution was sought to resolve the conflict this time. This brought in the third party group in 2005 to address the conflict situation. Hence, the conflict is in its second post-conflict phase till date. The figure 2 below gives a representation of the stages of the conflict. Fig.4: Phases of the conflict between Larabanga and Mole NP Previous conflict resolution approaches The first formal process of conflict resolution started in 2005 with the coming in of the Netherlands Development Organization (SNV) as a third party to bring the opposing sides together to find a peaceful agreement between them. Two alternative dispute resolution (ADR) approaches were employed; namely facilitation and mediation. The facilitation process sought to deal with the strong emotions and to prepare the two sides to engage in a formal process of dialogue towards finding a common solution to the conflict. This was followed by a mediation process where the opposing sides presented their cases to the neutral mediator. In the end, the mediation process saw to the shifting of the position of the local community from opposing the existence of the national park to a new position of acceptance for the common good of the whole country (Marseille, 2004). Consequently, a agreement was successfully negotiated with the local community demanding adequate compensation, proper resettlement plan and participation in the management of the national park. (Mason and Danso, 1995) Challenges of the conflict resolution process It is indisputable that the facilitation and mediation processes employed by SNV were successful in dealing with the strong emotions and bringing these opposing sides to sit down to dialogue. Also, a peaceful agreement was reached with some level of satisfaction by both sides at the end of the negotiation (Marseille, 2004). However, the implementation of the outcomes and the action plan of the mediation process were faced with some challenges that were overlooked during the negotiation process. Stakeholder representation: from the stakeholder analysis above it could be realized that not all stakeholders were represented at the negotiation process. Typically, only the leaders of the community and the park managers were brought at the table. Hence the issue of legitimization became a limiting factor to the implementation of the outcome of the process. The park managers do not have the constitutional mandate to pay compensation and to meet the other demands of the local community. It is not clear the strategic behaviour of the MLNR, which have the ultimate authority to implement the outcomes, to stay out of the negotiation process. The legitimacy of the outcome was questioned since the creation of the national park was by executive instrument and the conflict transcends the domain of the local community and the park management team to the bigger domain of national politics. Non-binding agreement: the non-binding agreement was not appropriate for the conflict resolution process since the outcome required more of a legislative or executive instrument to implement. Again, because the agreement is non-binding, with every change of government the new administration tends not to continue with any programme of the previous government if it is not legally binding. It must be emphasized that when a new government comes to power, certain positions in the state organizations, mostly the Ministers, Chief Executives and directors, are replaced by new ones for political reasons. A new view of the problem A theoretical approach to the conflict Conflict may involve various kinds of issues: substantive, procedural and relationship. Substantive issues refers to interests that relate to tangible (observable, definable, measurable) products such as availability of firewood, protection of crop-raiding animals or stopping illegal hunting activities (Walker and Daniels, 1997). Procedural issues include a groups need to be included in decision-making, to have their opinions heard and to be respected as a social entity (Borrini-Feyerabend et al, 2000). Conflict management involves making progress on these three fundamental dimensions of a conflict situation. Any conflict situation includes substantive, procedural and relationship dimensions (the type of conflict) and a conflict situation is initially addressed through any of the three dimensions. Natural resource policy conflicts are complex; they arise within some context which typically is defined by a complex array of factors, such as numerous parties, multiple issues, deeply held values, cultural differences, scientific and technical uncertainty and legal and jurisdictional constraints (Walker and Daniels, 1997). It has been contended that natural resource conflicts are inevitable and unavoidable but also desirable to the extent that it can lead to negotiated, innovative agreements among stakeholders (Daniels and Walker, 1997). While conflicts over resource use are never favourable, when they do occur they can be used to demonstrate the need for a conflict management approach. According to Walker and Daniels (1997) well-managed natural resource conflicts can lead to better decisions, improve social cohesion, stimulate innovation and increase morale. Complex conflict situations may never be resolved, so that an agreement is reached that puts an end to those incompatibilities that caused the conflict. Whatever the conflict situation and how it is characterized, co

Natural Born Killers Essay -- Film Review, Classic, Oliver Stone

Oliver Stone’s 1994 classic, Natural Born Killers, excited and traumatized its audiences while also causing controversy. The tale of white trash lovers caught up in a realm of chaos that includes a continuous murderous rampage from state to state, draws in audiences with its graphic violence and riveting pulse inducing music. Yet, the message of this film seems to be much deeper than just exposing audiences to yet another chaotic action movie filled with guns, blood and mayhem. Stone’s Natural Born Killers examines the subject of media’s investment in serial murder very thoroughly, and so it seems likely that it has the potential to offer a more rigorous interrogation of the nature of the American public’s fascination with the serial killer superstar (Schmid 123). Natural Born Killers is a film that exposes modern society’s obsession with serial killers and how the media aids in the glorifying of these notorious icons. The film also plays into the f act that society while finding murder repulsive are just as sick as the serial killers because the enjoy watching such films. In Natural Born Killers, Mickey and Mallory the main characters kill 52 people before being caught and imprisoned. Prior to the arrest, the manhunt for them has gained them celebrity and half of the country if not the world are rooting for their triumphant escape form the law. Though their clean getaway is shattered by imprisonment their celebrity persists. When they do break out of prison, in the midst of a riot, their escape is filmed live by the host of a true-crime program. Naturally Born Killers gets most of its message across visually as all films do. By making use of animation, colored filters, a variety of different types of film stock, in both col... ... the satisfaction of a dual and related curiosity on the part of the spectator about celebrities and killers, but this satisfaction can come about only if these films can discipline effectively the unstable structures of identification they generate (Shmid 113). While it seems that Oliver Stone’s mission is to bring a satirical eye-opener to the its audience while exploring an underlying theme of obsession with murder, the audience looks their own inner demons, while examining their own morals as well. And just as an obsession with murder would exude, it has been found that Natural Born Killers has been implicated in 15 murder cases, with the most infamous being the murders of four people in Paris by Florence Ray and Audry Maupin, and in the United States the killing of William Savage and injury of Patsy Ann Byers by Sarah Edmondson and Benjamin Darras (Young 6). Natural Born Killers Essay -- Film Review, Classic, Oliver Stone Oliver Stone’s 1994 classic, Natural Born Killers, excited and traumatized its audiences while also causing controversy. The tale of white trash lovers caught up in a realm of chaos that includes a continuous murderous rampage from state to state, draws in audiences with its graphic violence and riveting pulse inducing music. Yet, the message of this film seems to be much deeper than just exposing audiences to yet another chaotic action movie filled with guns, blood and mayhem. Stone’s Natural Born Killers examines the subject of media’s investment in serial murder very thoroughly, and so it seems likely that it has the potential to offer a more rigorous interrogation of the nature of the American public’s fascination with the serial killer superstar (Schmid 123). Natural Born Killers is a film that exposes modern society’s obsession with serial killers and how the media aids in the glorifying of these notorious icons. The film also plays into the f act that society while finding murder repulsive are just as sick as the serial killers because the enjoy watching such films. In Natural Born Killers, Mickey and Mallory the main characters kill 52 people before being caught and imprisoned. Prior to the arrest, the manhunt for them has gained them celebrity and half of the country if not the world are rooting for their triumphant escape form the law. Though their clean getaway is shattered by imprisonment their celebrity persists. When they do break out of prison, in the midst of a riot, their escape is filmed live by the host of a true-crime program. Naturally Born Killers gets most of its message across visually as all films do. By making use of animation, colored filters, a variety of different types of film stock, in both col... ... the satisfaction of a dual and related curiosity on the part of the spectator about celebrities and killers, but this satisfaction can come about only if these films can discipline effectively the unstable structures of identification they generate (Shmid 113). While it seems that Oliver Stone’s mission is to bring a satirical eye-opener to the its audience while exploring an underlying theme of obsession with murder, the audience looks their own inner demons, while examining their own morals as well. And just as an obsession with murder would exude, it has been found that Natural Born Killers has been implicated in 15 murder cases, with the most infamous being the murders of four people in Paris by Florence Ray and Audry Maupin, and in the United States the killing of William Savage and injury of Patsy Ann Byers by Sarah Edmondson and Benjamin Darras (Young 6).

Credit Agreement Resolutive Condition

Pactum reservati dominii 2. Facts of the case and the issues to be decided4 3. Validity and effects of pactum reservati dominii in the present case5 Conclusion7 References8 Table of Cases Quirk’s Trustees v Assignees of Liddle & Co. (1884 – 1885) 3 SC 322 Courtney-Clarke v Bassingthwaighte 1990 NR 89 (HC) Smith & Venter v Fourie 1946 WLD 9 R v Ellinas 1949 (2) SA 45 Gosvenar Motors v Samson 1956 (3) SA 169 National Motors v Fall 1958 (2) SA 570 IntroductionThe law governing credit transactions is the Credit Agreement Act 75 of 1980 (hereinafter referred to as the Act) which replaced the Hire-Purchase Act 36 of 1942 as a result of Proclamation AG 17/1981 which states that â€Å"Subject to the provisions of this Proclamation, the Credit Agreements Act, 1980 shall apply to the territory of South West Africa. † The act regulates transactions where movable goods are purchased or leased on credit. It also applies to services rendered on credit.According to the Act, a c redit agreement is a credit transaction or a leasing transaction or any transaction with the same import regardless of its form or regardless of the fact that the transaction(s) is subject to resolutive or suspensive conditions. For the purpose of this assignment, I will only discuss issues pertaining to credit transaction because the case of Quirk’s Trustees which is central to the question whether there is sale before the last assignment is paid falls with the ambit of this paper.A credit transaction according to the Act includes ‘goods sold and services rendered against payment of a stated of determinable future date or in whole or in part in instalments over a period in future’. Section 1 (b) states that the â€Å"goods† shall mean movable goods or in other words movable property. This point is significant given the nature of the problem we are faced with of whether a contract of sale by credit exists. 1. Pactum reservati dominii Before looking at the facts in the case of Quirk’s Trustees v Assignees of Liddle & Co . It is important to briefly discuss the concept of pactum reservati dominii. Credit agreements are in a form of pactum reservati dominii which entails that the seller allows the purchaser to take possession of the goods but ownership is retained by the sell until the buyer or purchaser has paid all the instalments. The pactum reservati dominii is meant to protect the seller who sells goods on credit. It also provides the seller with security in case the buyer defaults on the payment of instalments. The pactum clause is the same as a suspensive condition.It suspends not only ownership but also the whole contract of sale until the fulfilment of the suspensive condition – the payment of the purchase price in full. It means that unless there is an agreement to the contrary, the risk will only pass to the buyer when the last instalment has been paid. Consequently, the Aedilitian remedies for defects of the go ods are not available to the buyer until the payment of the last instalment. 2. Facts of the case and the issues to be decided The case of Quirk’s Trustees v Assignees of Liddle & Co is concerned with the transfer of ownership.The Briefly the facts from the headnotes are as follows: Q sold the furniture, fitting and stock of a certain hotel premises to L. , who subsequently assigned his estate for the benefit of his creditors, and Q and L. ’s assignees the entered into the following written agreement: â€Å" Sold by L. ’s assignees to Q. all the furniture, fitting etc. – in fact, everything stored in the town for ? 650, Q. to give bills at three, six, nine and twelve months. Property in goods bought to pass to Q. only upon payment of the last bill†. The greater portion of the goods so sold was delivered to Q. who, however, neither gave the bills nor paid any portion of the price. Q. the surrendered his estate. Q. ’s trustees and L. ’s assignees both claimed the goods delivered to Q. The issues were (a) whether this was a valid sale on credit and (b) whether ‘upon a contract of sale of goods the property must be held to pass forthwith to the purchaser, notwistanding a condition attached to the contract that the property shal only pass upon payment of the last of several promissory notes, payable at different dates, agreed to be given by the purchaser in payment of the rice. ’ 3. Validity and effects of pactum reservati dominii in the present case The Credit Agreement Act provides the following regulation: (1) The Minister may†¦. (a)prescribe the maximum period within which the full price under a credit agreement shall be paid; (b)prescribe the portion of the cash price or any other consideration which shall be paid or delivered as an initial payment or initial rental in terms of a credit agreement; (c)prescribe the manner in which the price of any goods or service shall be displayed or advertise d; d)generally, prescribe any such conditions as he may find fit in regard to any credit agreement. (2) Different regulations may be made under subsection (1) in respect of different credit agreements, kinds of credit agreements, goods, services, classes or groups of goods or services, credit grantors or credit receivers or categories of credit grantors or credit receivers. It is also worth mentioning that Section 1 (b) states that the â€Å"goods† shall mean movable goods or in other words movable property. There is no doubt that the parties agree that the buyer will pay in instalments.There is also no doubt that the buyer did not honour the agreement. The problem that we have to deal with is whether this type of agreement can be regulated by the Credit Agreement Act 75 of 1980 which is still applicable in Namibia despite the fact that where it originated in South Africa, it has since been replaced by a more progressive and market cognizance National Credit Act. Based on our understanding of Section 1 (b) the agreement does not fall within the realm of the Act and hence it cannot be said to be a credit agreement as it involve sale of immovable property.This agreement is rather governed by two Acts that are still applicable to our law i. e. Formalities in Respect of Contracts of Sale of Land Act 71 of 1969 and Sale of Land on Instalments Act 72 of 1971. Although the merx is sold with movable properties, the substance of the agreement is the building and land on which it stands and not the furniture, fittings etc. Section 5 of the Act provides for the following requirements of the contents of the credit agreement that†¦.. ; (1) Subject to †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. any credit agreement shall- (a)be reduced to writing and signed by or on behalf of every party thereto; b)state the names of the credit grantor and the credit receiver and their business or residential addresses or, if they do not have such addresses, any other address in the territory; (c)state the amount paid or to be paid as an initial payment or as initial rental; (d)contain a description whereby the goods or service to which that credit agreement relates, and any goods delivered to the credit grantor as payment, may be readily identified; (e)if it is an instalment sale transaction, state the conditions, if any, as to the reservation and passing of the ownership of the goods to which that credit agreement relates; f)if it is an instalment sale transaction or a leasing transaction, state the conditions, if any, as to the right of the credit grantor to the return of the goods to which that credit agreement relates; (g)contain a reference to the provisions of section 13; (h)be in the official language which the credit receiver may request in writing. (2) No person shall be a party to a credit agreement which does not comply with a requirement referred to in subsection (1): Provided that a credit agreement which does not comply with any such requirement shall not merely for th at reason be invalid. 3) If after delivery to the credit receiver of goods to which a credit agreement relates, the credit grantor and the credit receiver agree that those goods or any part thereof shall be replaced by any other goods, the goods to be described in terms of subsection (1)(d) in that credit agreement shall, as from the date on which those goods are or any part thereof is replaced, be the goods to which that credit agreements relates. We can rightfully contend that agreements do not always show clearly their true nature. A contract, though called by the parties a credit agreement, is really one of sale if it does not entitle the buyer to sale.The condition as to the passing of ownership is a suspensive one if the ownership is not to pass till all instalments have been paid. , Conclusion A consideration of the Quirk’s case shows that a suspensive condition is of more frequent occurrence than a resolutive one. A resolutive condition provides that the ownership sha ll pass to the buyer immediately on delivery, but revert to the seller if the instalments have not been paid by a certain time, or on any other event. What is known as lex commissoria usually takes the form of such a resolutive condition.It appears, however, that the lex commissoria does not concern the passing of ownership. In the present case, it is clear that this is not a credit agreement although the makers chose to call it as such and that it resembles a credit agreement. It is rather a matter of substance versus form. . References R R Pennington Retention of Title to the Sale of Goods under European Law The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 27, No. 2 (Apr. , 1978), 277- 318. C Visser, JT Pretorius, R Sharrock and M van Jaarveld Gibson South African Merchadile & Company Law 8th ed. Cape Town: Juta & Co

We are the Champions

For as long as I can remember, I have loved and played organized basketball. The culmination of this adoration and dedication came during my senior year of high school when we won the state championship. I spent most of my childhood and adolescent years watching, practicing and playing this game. I played through all kinds of injuries and illnesses. I played with all kinds of organizations and teams. Now, I was the captain of the team of all teams: State Champions.I'd reached the manacle of my basketball career. If we are looking at this significant event through the behavioral perspective of psychology, we see the ways in which it applies. The behavioral perspective allows us to look at the obvious observable and measurable behaviors as opposed to the internal and mental ones. It focuses on how behaviors are learned and reinforced. Practice was the driving behavior that allowed our team to succeed. Our coaches required us to practice the same plays over and over again. We practiced shooting drills over and over again.These things were reiterated until hey became second nature, and then we practiced them some more. Our philosophy was that we did not practice until we got it right, but we practiced until we could not get it wrong. Also, part of our preparation included watching videos of our opponents. This allowed us to learn their behaviors and tendencies in order to devise a plan to counteract them (Baron & Kessler, 2008). During the game of basketball, the cognitive perspective plays an important role. This perspective is concerned with the mental function: how things are perceived, remembered, reasoned, decided, or problem solved.Before the game starts, a strategy is developed for the offensive and defensive side of the court. It has to be remembered by every member of the team along with all of the plays and signals to help the team function as one cohesive unit. We are also tasked with making split second decisions throughout the game in order to navigate the opponent's defensive scheme (McLeod, 2007). Through this entire process, I learned that hard work would lead to great rewards. One of the ways this happened was through classical conditioning learning.This type of learning involves â€Å"placing a neutral signal before a naturally occurring reflex† (Baron & Kessler, 2008, p. 161). In order to build our stamina to run up and down the court for a complete game, our coaches used a whistle. When the whistle was blown, we were required to run suicide drills. At the sound of a double whistle, we were required to stop running. The blowing of the whistle is an unconditioned stimulus and the act of running is an unconditioned response. Operating learning came in the form of positive reinforcements and punishments.We were praised and received gifts for working hard in practice, for performing drills ND tasks flawlessly, and for meeting seasonal milestones. Our punishments came in the form of performing push-ups or having an extra early morning practice when we did not do what was expected. In addition, some of my basketball skills were acquired through observational learning. I watched Just as much basketball on television as I played. I took some of the things that I saw my favorite college and professional basketball players performed and worked to mimic them (Baron & Kessler, 2008).This entire senior basketball season was very memorable. It was like ale with a story book ending. However, some of the details of that season was lost. This is because of retroactive interference. We played 23 games that year, and each game added a new memory. Because of the similarities in games, the details get clouded with the addition off new one. The championship game was different. That game is an autobiographical memory as it was a reward for what I had worked so long to achieve. This was the most important thing that Vive done up until that point.

Free Essays on Compare and Contrast Macbetth and Hamlet

Comparing and Contrasting Hamlet and MacBeth Throughout William Shakespeare’s plays Hamlet and Macbeth there are many similarities, along with many differences. These plays are both Shakespearean tragedies, which often use supernatural incidents to intrigue the reader’s interest, and consists of a hero that has a tragic flaw. There are many comparative and contrasting aspects in these plays. The opening of Hamlet involves a supernatural, as does the opening of Macbeth. In the first scene the ghost of his father, King Hamlet, approaches Hamlet. Similarly, the opening of Macbeth involves the three witches. Although the witches can be seen by anyone they approach, the ghost of King Hamlet is only seen by Hamlet himself, and in one scene by Marcellus and Bernardo, Hamlet’s servants. Similarly in both plays, the main characters are slightly suspicious of the actual powers these supernatural figures have. As the witches use their apparent powers to tell Macbeth the future, the ghost of King Hamlet tells Hamlet what has happened already. Hamlet states in one of his soliloquies â€Å"The spirit that I have seen / may be the devil† (2.2.598-599). Macbeth also has his doubts because when the witches tell him that he will be named Thane of Cawder, Macbeth himself had not known, but many people had. It is possible the witches could have known. In the same matter in both plays, the presentation of the supernatural began to lead to the final downfall of each of the characters. In Macbeth, the three witches cause him to think and do evil deeds. In Hamlet, if he had not seen the ghost of his father, he would not have known that Claudius has killed his father to claim the throne. In both instances the characters gave into the nagging supernatural beliefs. And hence they lost their lives. Other characters in t... Free Essays on Compare and Contrast Macbetth and Hamlet Free Essays on Compare and Contrast Macbetth and Hamlet Comparing and Contrasting Hamlet and MacBeth Throughout William Shakespeare’s plays Hamlet and Macbeth there are many similarities, along with many differences. These plays are both Shakespearean tragedies, which often use supernatural incidents to intrigue the reader’s interest, and consists of a hero that has a tragic flaw. There are many comparative and contrasting aspects in these plays. The opening of Hamlet involves a supernatural, as does the opening of Macbeth. In the first scene the ghost of his father, King Hamlet, approaches Hamlet. Similarly, the opening of Macbeth involves the three witches. Although the witches can be seen by anyone they approach, the ghost of King Hamlet is only seen by Hamlet himself, and in one scene by Marcellus and Bernardo, Hamlet’s servants. Similarly in both plays, the main characters are slightly suspicious of the actual powers these supernatural figures have. As the witches use their apparent powers to tell Macbeth the future, the ghost of King Hamlet tells Hamlet what has happened already. Hamlet states in one of his soliloquies â€Å"The spirit that I have seen / may be the devil† (2.2.598-599). Macbeth also has his doubts because when the witches tell him that he will be named Thane of Cawder, Macbeth himself had not known, but many people had. It is possible the witches could have known. In the same matter in both plays, the presentation of the supernatural began to lead to the final downfall of each of the characters. In Macbeth, the three witches cause him to think and do evil deeds. In Hamlet, if he had not seen the ghost of his father, he would not have known that Claudius has killed his father to claim the throne. In both instances the characters gave into the nagging supernatural beliefs. And hence they lost their lives. Other characters in t...

Leadership Example

Leadership Example Leadership – Case Study Example Leadership al Affiliation: Leadership Summary Obama was able to use his personal appeal to win the general elections. To many, he isa leader who inspires hope to the oppressed and less fortunate in the society. He is a charismatic leader who has been able to navigate his way up despite the existence of successful people both in the organizations and the society at large. In order to understand in depth Obama as a charismatic leader, a study was conducted with the aim of investigating the discourse of charisma mainly in articles that were written six months before his election. The results indicated that the media played a significant role in creating an enthusiastic atmosphere around Obama. His charismatic characteristics were built around him as a person with major emphasis being on his life story, personality, and behaviour. Critical AnalysisElections in United States are closely contested with people looking at personal ideologies. However, in this election, there was a diversion from the norm. For many decades, marginalized groups especially blacks and non-natives felt that if one of their own was in the helm of power, they were likely to be recognized. However, Barrack Obama was able to create a link between the natives and non natives. His behaviours, personalities, and life story inspired both the oppressed and the local population. In addition, many looked at him as an inspirational leader. Nevertheless, his charismatic leadership when he was a senator of Illinois made people to feel that he has good leadership skills that can steer the country ahead. ImplicationsOne of the major implications of charismatic characteristics is that Obama was able to secure votes from both natives and non-natives. In addition, he has created hope to all people irrespective of their social status, religious background, and race. This has played a significant role in uniting people in the country. Leadership Example Leadership – Article Example Emily A. S.(2007) Taking responsibility. http www.what-are-good-leadership-skills.com/article-on-leadership-skills-08.html INTRODUCTION The article is about taking personal responsibility in any organization for success. Whenever a difficult situation comes we think that we are victim and start cursing the things that are beyond our control.The writer is of the view that the winners don’t have this attitude. Instead of being victim the winners find way to move forward, no matter how hard the situation is. This is what the personal responsibility is.FINDINGSThe author found that by taking personal responsibility for the things anybody can make a positive difference in life in terms of success. He demonstrates this by giving the example of sale girl who didn’t have the right shoe size for the author but instead of saying sorry he guided the author for other shops where he can find one, even she called those to make sure which one has this size to help author. By taking pe rsonal responsibility she made one loyal customer. In difficult situations stead of blaming we should ask question how we can make this situation better instead of waiting for others to come and rescue us. Author considers the employees, bosses, colleagues’ customers by relating the example of that sale girl. By taking personal responsibility we can make many loyal customers even if we are not sales person.CRITIQUEThe authorhas arranged the information in logical order where there are some points which are quite strong. These are as follows:â€Å"To believe you have no choice is to become a â€Å"victim† with no control†.Yes most of the time people think that easy solution is to get out of the situation by rationalizing our logic that it’s not my duty or fault. When we make our self-victim, we get out of the situation but the things are not corrected because we think that things are not under our control.â€Å"Stop whining or making excuses for why itâ⠂¬â„¢s not working out. Right now, take personal responsibility for moving things in the direction you want them to go.†The author is making the point that instead of blaming and excuses we should spend our time in searching for solution. So this relates that if we take the personal responsibility instead of being victim to move things forward we can make the difference.The article is short but there are fewer facts and figures. There are no facts that can support the main point and because of this the article evokes less.Beside thesethings there are some points in the article that need more explanation:â€Å"She did not have to do what she did, but because she took personal responsibility for satisfying my needs, she has now produced a loyal customer.†Although example is good but it does not clearly relates to the topic. If it wasn’t her job but she tried to do it, can she always do it? So should we always help others beyond the limit to make them our loyal cust omers? The example should be more elaborative to explain the concept of being victim in contrast to taking personal responsibility. Leadership Example Leadership – Coursework Example Leadership March 20, Leadership Leadership, the act or process of influencing people towards collective objectives, is an important element in an organizational set up. There are many leadership styles and contingency theory suggests that one leadership style may suit a given situation than are other leadership styles. Based on the theory, issues that pertain to use of force, unmotivated employees, and internal corruption would require different leadership styles to resolve. Authoritarian leadership style would be most effective in resolving use of force issues. The leadership approach focuses on control along an organizational structure, from top to bottom, and is based on allegiance to authority. It can therefore initiate or control issues that relate to force through an order that followers must obey. Authoritarian leadership focuses on immediate expectations, like controlling the use of force issues, and not behavioral effects on followers, though this identifies its weakness (Ne varez and Wood, 2010).Transformational leadership style, which focuses on empowerment and motivation among other issues, would be the most suitable for influencing unmotivated personnel. The leadership approach identifies followers’ needs and potentials, empowers followers, and meets their needs towards motivation. Meeting identified needs such as competence for performance would increase self worth, while offering rewards for performance would initiate positive attitude to initiate motivation among the personnel (Nevarez and Wood, 2010). Solving types of internal corruption would however require transformational leadership, a contingent approach that is based on positive or negative motivation. Many factors such as financial and behavioral factors affect desire to engage in corruption and integrating factors that counteract motivation to corruption such as sufficient remuneration, rewards for non-corrupt personnel, and punishment against corrupt personnel would help (Nevarez and Wood, 2010). Authoritarian leadership would therefore resolve use of force issues while transformational leadership would resolve unmotivated personnel issue and transactional leadership would resolve internal corruption issues.ReferencesNevarez, C. and Wood, J. (2010). Community college leadership and administration: Theory, practice, and change. New York, NY: Peter Lang.

A Biographical Sketch of William Morris Davis

A Biographical Sketch of William Morris Davis William Morris Davis is often called the Father of American Geography for his work in not only helping to establish geography as an academic discipline but also for his advancement of physical geography and the development of geomorphology. Life and Career Davis was born in Philadelphia in 1850. At the age of 19, he earned his bachelors degree from Harvard University and one year later earned his Masters degree in engineering. Davis then spent three years working at Argentinas meteorological observatory and subsequently returned to Harvard to study geology and physical geography. In 1878, Davis was appointed an instructor in physical geography at Harvard and by 1885 became a full professor. Davis continued to teach at Harvard until his retirement in 1912. Following his retirement, he occupied several visiting scholar positions at universities across the United States. Davis died in Pasadena, California in 1934. Geography William Morris Davis was very excited about the discipline of geography; he worked hard to increase its recognition. In the 1890s, Davis was an influential member of a committee that helped to establish geography standards in the public schools. Davis and the committee felt that geography needed to be treated as a general science in primary and secondary schools and these ideas were adopted. Unfortunately, after a decade of the new geography, it slipped back to being rote knowledge of place names and eventually disappeared into the bowels of social studies. Davis also helped to build geography up at the university level. In addition to training some of Americas foremost geographers of the twentieth century (such as Mark Jefferson, Isaiah Bowman, and Ellsworth Huntington), Davis helped to found the Association of American Geographers (AAG). Recognizing the need for an academic organization composed of academics trained in geography, Davis met with other geographers and formed the AAG in 1904. Davis served as the AAGs first president in 1904 and was reelected in 1905, and ultimately served a third term in 1909. Though Davis was very influential in the development of geography as a whole, he is probably best known for his work in geomorphology. Geomorphology Geomorphology is the study of the earths landforms. William Morris Davis founded this subfield of geography. Though at his time the traditional idea of the development of landforms was through the great biblical flood, Davis and others began to believe that other factors were responsible for shaping the earth. Davis developed a theory of landform creation and erosion, which he called the geographical cycle. This theory is more commonly known as the cycle of erosion, or more properly, the geomorphic cycle. His theory explained that mountains and landforms are created, mature, and then become old. He explained that the cycle begins with the uplift of mountains. Rivers and streams begin to create V-shaped valleys among the mountains (the stage called youth). During this first stage, the relief is steepest and most irregular. Over time, the streams are able to carve wider valleys (maturity) and then begin to meander, leaving only gently rolling hills (old age). Finally, all that is left is a flat, level plain at the lowest elevation possible (called the base level.) This plain was called by Davis a peneplain, which means almost a plain for a plain is actually a completely flat surface). Then, rejuvenation occurs and there is another uplift of mountains and the cycle continues. Though Davis theory is not entirely accurate, it was quite revolutionary and outstanding at its time and helped to modernize physical geography and create the field of geomorphology. The real world is not quite as orderly as Davis cycles and,  certainly, erosion occurs during the uplift process. However, Davis message was communicated quite well to other scientists through the excellent sketches and illustrations that were included in Davis publications. In all, Davis published over 500 works though he never earned his Ph.D. Davis was certainly one of the greatest academic geographers of the century. He is not only responsible for that which he accomplished during his lifetime, but also for the outstanding work done across geography by his disciples.

Parental Role in Juvenile Delinquency Research Paper

Parental Role in Juvenile Delinquency - Research Paper Example   Failure of parents to assert themselves not just as role models, but also as disciplinary figures within the family structure culminates in complete failure of a child (Tyler 785). Anna Tyler’s â€Å"Teenage Wasteland Short Story† is an excellent illustration of this scenario. In this book a parent, Daisy, fails to raise her son appropriately, instead opting to transfer this responsibility to a tutor, leading to his failure at school and eventual escape from home (Tyler 786). Tyler’s book confirms the imperative role that a parent should play, by motivating a child, executing appropriate disciplinary measures and establishing a positive relationship based on affection and trust, all in the effort of guaranteeing a smooth transition from childhood to adulthood. Based on research conducted by Fletcher, Steinberg, and Williams-Wheeler (769-772), children that have positive relations with their guardians, have a high likelihood of disclosing information concernin g their struggles with troubling issues. As a result, they would consult their parents for solutions, before the problem escalates. Additionally, such constructive parent and child relations most likely exist within families where parents depict warmth and offer support to the children. This is, however, not the case in Anne Tyler’s short story â€Å"Teenage Wasteland†. The teenage character, Donny, is completely unmotivated performing poorly in his academic work. When Daisy, Donny’s concerned mother, notices the poor grades she employs a private tutor named Cal, in order to help him improve his grades (787-789). For a responsible parent, the most logical step would have been to question Donny about his performance, in order to establish the cause of the problem and find out how she could help. Shifting parental responsibility to someone else is neither a reflection of affection nor support. Another negative relationship is that between Cal and Donny since he ac ts more like a friend than an adult figure. Further, Cal does not motivate Donny to perform better or to make responsible decisions. Because of the absence of a constructive relationship between Donny and his role models, coupled with the latter’s failure to adhere to proper success guidelines, the teen’s performance deteriorates further and his bad behavior worsens. Based on research conducted by Stattin and Kerr (1072-1079) parents’ self-confidence inspires children to have higher self-esteem, since they believe that if their parents can achieve something, then they are capable of doing the same. Additionally, when parents assert themselves as firm and capable of handling situations, this also encourages children to rely entirely on them. Clearly, this is not the case in â€Å"Teenage Wasteland†, since Daisy lacks confidence in her parenting capabilities.  

Pilot shortage Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Pilot shortage - Research Paper Example The United States needs to make major changes in the airline industry and pilot certification programs now, to protect the industry from the devastating effects of this shortage, and to ensure the continued stability of airline travel both nationally, and internationally for years to come. A pilot, also known as an aviator, is the person in control of an aircraft during flight. In terms of the safety of the flight, pilots are the most vital single component, because they are responsible for the aircraft during travel. According to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) commercial aircraft are required to have two pilots in the cockpit during Air Carrier operations, and to ensure there is someone who can take control during an emergency. For the last decades, the shortage of people entering the field of aviation has been growing, creating a notable shortage of pilots. There are a number of reasons that there are not enough pilots to currently meet America’s need for air travel including: increased rate of pilot retirement, decreased qualified individuals entering the field of aviation, increased restrictions and requirements, and increased demand for air travel services. As a result, the pilot shortage has been a growing problem in United States aviation industry, and if not solved carefully, it is a deficit that could lead to many serious problems. However, with efforts from all parts of aviation industry, pilot shortage is not a no-solution problem. A pilot shortage is the inadequacy or insufficiency of people qualified to actively and directly operate the â€Å"directional flight controls of an aircraft while it is in flight† (Wikipedia, 2015). Culturally, it refers to a situation where America currently, or any country, has very few aviators currently employed, creating a situation where there are not enough

The Evolution of Legacy Acknowledged System of Systems to Directed Research Paper

The Evolution of Legacy Acknowledged System of Systems to Directed - Research Paper Example However, managing emergent behavior of SoS is also necessary since it is capable of generating exclusive benefits. On the contrary, this behavior opens new horizons for engineers to experiment with in order to support the needs of users. This behavior contributes to the deciding factors regarding the methodologies and approach that users will adopt in future to conduct the business. Moreover, they enable engineers to identify those weaker areas of system which are source of hindrance for users to meet their needs and where further nurturing resources must be deployed. It enables the system to combat threats demonstrated by interoperation and attain traits such as flexibility, scalability and cost leadership. Emergence is mostly unavoidable; therefore it is pivotal that engineers learn how to coexist with it, effectively using this phenomenon to establish an invulnerable and highly elastic SoS that can easily respond to changing environment. If emergent behavior is managed effectively , systems forming SoS interact with each other, creating a synergetic effect that enables the entire network to fulfill its essential purposes that cannot be possibly attained in isolation as a standalone system. Therefore, it is only fair to state that the evolutionary process of SoS is a direct product of effective management of its emergent behavior. Figure 2: Simple example of emergent behavior of SoS (Thwink.org) Emergent behavior has largely been researched into and many experiments have revealed different definitions and characteristics to it. Dyson and George claimed that it is a behavior shown by SoS which is not easy to foresee and analyse through evaluation of its components; instead, it must be seen as a single system on the whole. They... This paper stresses that SoS is a complex network of systems that individually have different characteristics but collectively display entirely distinct behavior. This behavior emerges due to synergetic effect of interaction between these systems and components of SoS. This behavior is so strong that it is capable of ripping the entire system apart through cascade effects. High coordination among stakeholders and components and distributed control are required by system engineers to manage it. Researching and harnessing on this issue is vital for SoS to be successful in achieving its primary purposes. This report makes a conclusion that agent modeling devices and simulation settings are prime tools that can be used to mitigate consequences connected with emergent behavior by speculating it beforehand and developing strategies to undermine its effects. If controlled effectively through these engineering tactics, the SoS has high potential to achieve levels of flexibility, cost leadership and scalability that cannot be possibly attained via conventional systems. This paper shall be a source of great contribution towards SoSE Body of Knowledge since it addresses the most crucial obstacle faced by SoS and due to its highly radical and dynamic nature, still to date the researchers and engineers have not been able to fully attain grip and certainty over projecting behavioral patterns and interactive process. Since it is a replication technique and small scale research, only limited assurance can be assumed on results achieved. Nonetheless, further research is required in this field to b e in a better position to draw conclusions.

Reggae Music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Reggae Music - Essay Example During the run-up to the elections, he arranged concerts where Eccles’ performed politically loaded numbers. The other Reggae groups that were also supportive of Manley were Dennis Brown, the Chosen Few and The Wailers. Let’s take, for example, Eccles’s â€Å"Rod of Correction†. The title of the song is a reference to the staff given to Michael Manley, as a gift, by Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia. The Emperor was highly revered across the black diasporas and more so in the Caribbean. The biblical symbolism is noted in how the rod commonly came to be known as â€Å"Joshua’s Rod†, whereby making Manley the Joshua – the personification of the â€Å"good† according to the Old Testament. And just as Joshua brought down the walls of Jericho and led the Jews to the land of Canaan, Manley was projected to lead his fellow countrymen to peace and prosperity. There are other symbolic references too. The parable of the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah and the story of the crossing of the Red Sea by the Israelites are the other references to the Old Testament. Manley is portrayed as Joshua (the Savior) and his incumbent opponent is taken as the Pharoah. Need less to say, such powerful biblical symbolism made a critical impact on the Jamaican society, which was highly religious, and made Michael Manley the Prime Minister. The people will later be disappointed with Manley and disillusioned of his promises of paradise are quite another story (Cooper 1996).

Reflection Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Reflection Paper - Essay Example This paper is a reflection of the lectures by Leslie, Steele and Crouse, that I attended. The movie by the name of â€Å"Peace out† was released in 2011; basically it is a documentary or a short film that it can be called. Directed and written by Charles Wilkinson, it takes into account the city of Vancouver and the problems in it. These problems, of course are environment related. It is the decision of choosing Hydro over Solar, stated in the most informal way possible. I happened to attend a lecture that was a discussion based on this short film. It focused on the problems that were present in Vancouver and used the documentary as a way to project their consequences and issues. It is in fact about time, that these global issues regarding energy crisis and environmental damage were brought attention. Personally, this issue is something which I feel needs to get the maximum attention and needs to be addressed globally. No one person can fix it, but the contributions of every i ndividual can definitely, without a doubt, bring a halt to the disastrous end that is inevitable. The discussion was primarily focusing on Vancouver as the documentary is based on it. The need of electricity and with the rapid increase in development, there is bound to be a much bigger demand for it; hence the need of hydro electrical power will automatically increase. Since, the question is of the Peace River, on which a power Dam was built and it caused the river to back up by â€Å"80 Kilometers.† The movie was extremely explicit as it openly blamed the government for wanting to make money, and putting their monetary benefits before the lives of the people. Yes, this is exactly how dangerous this dam is. It is a pure â€Å"rape of natural resources and destruction of our environment†, says Greg Klymkiv. The Peace River is not only a beautiful, scenic place but it is a major habitat to a lot of animals. The lecture that I attended brought many solutions to stop this from happening, but then again, one person cannot do the job. The government and corporates state that they have to take these measures in order to fulfill the rather increasing demand for energy; and the people who are opposing this whole idea are not ready to decrease their consumption. It is absurd, and extremely difficult. On one hand there are demonstrations against the dam being built, and at the same time no one wants to cut down consumption. It is a cycle that we have created; hence we have to stop it. On 14th, November, 2013, I happened to attend a lecture which almost reflected the same issue as addressed above. However, it now concerned the people more than the environment. It addressed the issues of the clash between the government and the people: What the people want, and what the government gives. The lecture was given by Megan Leslie and Graham Steele. Once again, if normally stated, this is one of the most misunderstood relationships of the world. It’s almost like a blame game; the people blame the government for all the bad things that happen and the government dumps their actions on the people by sugar coating it as their demands. The lecture was a rather thought clearing process, it made the audience realize where we are wrong and how can we overcome this gap and make it better for ourselves. The lecture, as informative as it was, to a certain extent I found it like an eye opener. Personally, I have been amongst those people who are of

Homers Achilles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Homers Achilles - Essay Example Achilles was killed by Paris of Troy who was avenging his brother Hector's death. Paris has been termed a coward in some literature because he took advantage of Archilles' weakest spot and killed him by an arrow to his heel. Sophocles' Greek character, Philoctetes, resembles Achilles because he was wounded in his foot. His injury did not cure. Philoctetes was about to participate in the Trojan war when he was bitten by a snake on his foot. He suffered great pain and the wound smelled bad. His superior, Odysseus, betrays him and leaves him behind on an island called Lemnos. It seems Philoctetes' has an 'Achilles heel' too because his weak spot on his foot refused to heal. However, Philoctetes, unlike Achilles, does not die from his foot injury. It seems that the pain in his foot was linked to his reception of Heracles' bow. For when Neoptolemus tried to deceive Philoctetes and steal his Heracles' bow, the pain in his foot magnified. Neoptolemus took pity upon him and returned his bow. Philoctetes fought in the Trojan war. As a reward from the gods, his foot was cured of pain, smell and disease. Antigone was the daughter of Oedipus. She was a brave heroine who tried to bury her slain brother Polyneices, against the orders of Creon, Haemon's father. Her lover, Haemon, defended her actions and committed suicide after her death. Haemon's mother, Eurydice, killed herself because of grief. Creon gives up his life to his enemies.

Reflection Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Reflection Paper - Essay Example This paper is a reflection of the lectures by Leslie, Steele and Crouse, that I attended. The movie by the name of â€Å"Peace out† was released in 2011; basically it is a documentary or a short film that it can be called. Directed and written by Charles Wilkinson, it takes into account the city of Vancouver and the problems in it. These problems, of course are environment related. It is the decision of choosing Hydro over Solar, stated in the most informal way possible. I happened to attend a lecture that was a discussion based on this short film. It focused on the problems that were present in Vancouver and used the documentary as a way to project their consequences and issues. It is in fact about time, that these global issues regarding energy crisis and environmental damage were brought attention. Personally, this issue is something which I feel needs to get the maximum attention and needs to be addressed globally. No one person can fix it, but the contributions of every i ndividual can definitely, without a doubt, bring a halt to the disastrous end that is inevitable. The discussion was primarily focusing on Vancouver as the documentary is based on it. The need of electricity and with the rapid increase in development, there is bound to be a much bigger demand for it; hence the need of hydro electrical power will automatically increase. Since, the question is of the Peace River, on which a power Dam was built and it caused the river to back up by â€Å"80 Kilometers.† The movie was extremely explicit as it openly blamed the government for wanting to make money, and putting their monetary benefits before the lives of the people. Yes, this is exactly how dangerous this dam is. It is a pure â€Å"rape of natural resources and destruction of our environment†, says Greg Klymkiv. The Peace River is not only a beautiful, scenic place but it is a major habitat to a lot of animals. The lecture that I attended brought many solutions to stop this from happening, but then again, one person cannot do the job. The government and corporates state that they have to take these measures in order to fulfill the rather increasing demand for energy; and the people who are opposing this whole idea are not ready to decrease their consumption. It is absurd, and extremely difficult. On one hand there are demonstrations against the dam being built, and at the same time no one wants to cut down consumption. It is a cycle that we have created; hence we have to stop it. On 14th, November, 2013, I happened to attend a lecture which almost reflected the same issue as addressed above. However, it now concerned the people more than the environment. It addressed the issues of the clash between the government and the people: What the people want, and what the government gives. The lecture was given by Megan Leslie and Graham Steele. Once again, if normally stated, this is one of the most misunderstood relationships of the world. It’s almost like a blame game; the people blame the government for all the bad things that happen and the government dumps their actions on the people by sugar coating it as their demands. The lecture was a rather thought clearing process, it made the audience realize where we are wrong and how can we overcome this gap and make it better for ourselves. The lecture, as informative as it was, to a certain extent I found it like an eye opener. Personally, I have been amongst those people who are of

Back in Shakespeare Essay Example for Free

Back in Shakespeare Essay Back in Shakespeares days courtly love was a fashionable tradition. What happened was the men saw the women as Goddesses but their love was more often unrequited. But the men would send them love letters in the form of sonnets in order to win the womans love, however it usually failed leaving the man feeling melancholic. This is the position Romeo found himself in as he was in love with a girl called Rosaline. Montague and Benvolio notice a change in Romeos behaviour due to this and Montague explains how he shuts up his windows and locks fair daylight out this shows that Romeo attempts to isolate himself from the outside world and really is depressed. As Romeo enters the scene the audience can see for themselves his state of mind during his conversation with Benvolio. His replies to Benvolios comments are short and subdued and he explains, sad hours seem long. We can work out from this that Romeo is not having a good time so our sympathy wins him over and we hope for his luck to change. As we move onto scene 2, we meet Paris, who is a man hoping to marry Juliet and is trying to convince Capulet to allow him to, however Capulet seems to think Juliet is too young for marriage as She hath not seen the change of fourteen years. The possible marriage between Paris and Juliet is exciting for the audience yet it is an obstacle between the forthcoming relationship between Romeo and Juliet. The scene then cuts back to Romeo and his problems with courtly love. Benvolio who is aware of Romeos problem tries to be a useful friend by giving him advice. His advice is one fire burns out anothers burning, this is a metaphorical way of putting; you should find someone else and forget about Rosaline. Then as Clown from the Capulet family is struggling to read a party invitation he asks Romeo and Benvolio to read the list out for him. Romeo notices that Rosalies name is on this list and the pair therefore decide to find a way of going to the masqued ball to give Romeo a chance of fore filling his dream of meeting Rosaline. The fact its a masqued ball means they can get in whilst in disguise and probably get away with it and this thought enters Benvolios head. In scene 3 we meet the Nurse. A nurse is the Elizabethan equivalent to a child minder, however in these days they were hired out commonly by wealthy upper class families and were pretty much part of the family, they would raise the children and even breast feed them when they are babies. This particular Nurse raised Juliet and the two of them are very close. She is a bubbly character who often tells sexual jokes or sexual innuendos and tells Juliet stories about when she was younger usually embarrassing her. From seeing the play myself I remember the nurse being an entertaining character and was an audience favourite which was most noticeable by the applause she got at the end. Her sexual humour is shown where she says, dost thou fall upon thy face? Thou wilt fall backward when thou hast more wit, wilt thou not, Jule? This is a crude joke of falling onto her back for sex and most fourteen year olds would find an adult talking to them like this terribly embarrassing yet the audience find it comical and entertaining. Soon after; Juliet discovers Pariss desire to marry her and to the nurses delight Juliet replies It is an honour that I dream not of. Again the audience are excited by what is now a probable marriage yet it also questions the possibility of Romeo and Juliet getting together. Whilst on their way to the Capulet masqued ball Romeo predicts the future when saying for my mind misgreaves some consequence, yet hanging in the stars, similarly to what it says in the prologue; Romeo is saying he fears an unfortunate accident. The audience therefore semi-expect this to ironically happen. This is meant to create tension especially when he says about an untimely death, which along with the prologue suggests young death. Scene 5 is set in the Capulet household as it is the location of their masqued ball. A masqued ball was a fashionable party to have in Elizabethan times where everyone went disguised in a mask. It was the equivalent to what a fancy dress party is today and this is why the Montagues were able to get in with little suspicion from the Capulets. Partys are always a popularity and so Shakespeare made this scene a key one in the play for the entertainment of the audience. From what the audience have seen so far, Romeo is a melodramatic isolated character. He has won over our sympathy and as he is one of the main characters we all want to see things turn around for him. The reason Shakespeare presents him as a melancholic lover is to emphasise the artificial nature of his love for Rosaline in comparison to the genuine emotion he feels for Juliet. We witness the two types of love juxtaposed and recognise that his love for Juliet is positive, energising and less of a pose. But by presenting him in love with someone else initially, it creates romantic suspense for the audience. When Romeo first sees Juliet, it is described as love at first sight, this really helps to emphasise how he feels about her. From the audiences point of view, Romeo appears to be shocked by how much Juliet stands out by the way he says O she doth teach torches to burn bright, the reason he says O at the start of his speech is purely to emphasise his emotion. The speech as a whole is a type of light imagery and explains how her beauty stands out so much to Romeo. He then goes on to say she hangs upon the cheek of night / As a rich jewel in an Ethiops ear, this is a metaphorical way of saying that she is beautiful, precious and rare to him as is Beauty too rich for use. These are both examples of wealth imagery. The majority of his speech in this part of the scene is imagery and metaphorical to help stress his feelings for Juliet, he also claims she Shows a snowy dove trooping with crows. This is in the category of bird and colour imagery and helps to stand out the point that she really does stand out from the crowd. As explained by courtly love, it was a common thing for men to respect women like they are goddesses, and Romeo uses this kind of holy imagery when he says touching hers, make blessed my rude hand. Overall the speech shows strong romantic interest due to how Romeo is so intense, passionate and genuine. This is one of the most loving parts of the story; however it is interrupted as the fiery character of Tybalt notices that a Montague is present. He clearly shows his anger by referring Romeo as a slave, which is saying that Romeo is like his inferior. As Capulet enters the scene; Tybalt threatens to strike him dead, however, Capulet bears in mind what the Prince said, in that any more fighting would mean their lives would pay the forfeit and as he wants no violence at the party, he aggressively prevents Tybalt from making any wrong moves. The hatred is then interrupted by the love of Romeo and Juliet as they meet and talk for the first time. Their conversation is set out in the style of a sonnet as of course; these were popular in the Elizabethan and Medieval times. It is very poetic, passionate and filled with religious imagery. The language is intense, memorable and uses rhyming couplets at the end of every other line to help it to sound better and stand out. Juliet is very responsive to Romeos requests and appears to want Romeo to kiss her, which was a rarity in the courtly love tradition. Romeo flirtatiously refers to Juliet as a Pilgrim; this shows how he respects her like a Goddess and this is the start of a large amount of religious imagery. In addition to that, Juliet answers back with her own religious metaphors like And palm to palm is holy palmers kiss this also contains some alliteration due to the repetitive use of words containing palm. The speech overall is a pattern of Romeo flirting to Juliet and Juliet flirting back, this keeps the flow of the conversation going and on a couple of occasions we witness a kiss. All this comes to a sudden end as the Nurse enters the scene and they discover each others identity. The nurse calls Juliet to go to her mother and when she is gone explains to Romeo Her mother is the lady of the house and of course Romeo realises this is the Capulet house. Benvolio calls Romeo away from the scene explaining The sport is at the best which informs that he knows the best part of the night is over and their identity has been discovered. This means that the Montagues have to make a swift exit effectively making Romeo and Juliets moment short with a sudden end. This leaves the nurse and Juliet alone together. Juliet finds out from the Nurse that Romeo is in fact a Montague and is clearly devastated by this when she says My grave is like to be my wedding bed and My only love sprung from my only hate. All the way throughout this scene; Shakespeare juxtaposes love and hate. The first sight of love is at Romeos first glimpse of Juliet and the whole love at first sight event, this is interrupted by Tybalt noticing Romeo and wanting to cause a violent act but he is stopped by Capulet. This allows Romeo and Juliet to have their first speech in the form of the love sonnet although when the two realise each others identity, the hate between the two families takes over leaving the audience wondering if the power of their love is strong enough to overcome the hate. In conclusion to the opening act of the play; Shakespeare creates many untied ends to the story. This makes the audience want to carry on watching to get an answer to their questions; questions such as will Tybalt fore fill his threat towards Romeo? Are Romeo and Juliet going to die and if so how? Will Paris marry Juliet? And will there be any more fighting? The only possible way for the audience to find an answer to these questions is to carry on watching the play. This was Shakespeares objective for the opening act and he has therefore successfully completed it.